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Microcontroller vs SBC: Which is Better for IoT Projects?

2/10/2026 · IoT · 8 min

Microcontroller vs SBC: Which is Better for IoT Projects?

TL;DR

  • Microcontrollers are ideal for low-power, single-task IoT devices.
  • Single-board computers (SBCs) are better for complex, multi-functional IoT solutions.
  • Your choice depends on the requirements of your project, budget, and desired performance.

What are Microcontrollers and SBCs?

Both microcontrollers and single-board computers (SBCs) are commonly used in Internet of Things (IoT) projects, but they serve different purposes. Understanding what they are and how they work can help you make an informed decision.

Microcontrollers

  • Microcontrollers are compact, single-chip processors designed to handle specific tasks efficiently, such as controlling sensors, motors, or lights.
  • They typically include a processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals on one chip.
  • Examples: Arduino, ESP32, and Raspberry Pi Pico.
  • Uses: Smart home devices, fitness trackers, basic automation systems.

Single-Board Computers (SBCs)

  • SBCs are full-fledged computers integrated into a single circuit board.
  • They include a processor, memory, storage, and I/O ports, often running a full operating system like Linux.
  • Examples: Raspberry Pi 4, NVIDIA Jetson Nano, and BeagleBone Black.
  • Uses: Edge computing, multimedia applications, AI, and machine learning.

Key Differences

Here is a breakdown of the main differences between microcontrollers and SBCs:

1. **Processing Power**

  • Microcontrollers: Low processing power, suitable for single-purpose tasks. They are lightweight and consume minimal energy.
  • SBCs: High processing power, capable of running multiple applications simultaneously, including complex algorithms and operating systems.

2. **Power Consumption**

  • Microcontrollers: Extremely low power consumption, ideal for battery-powered devices.
  • SBCs: Higher power requirements, often needing external power adapters or more robust power sources.

3. **Cost**

  • Microcontrollers: Generally cheaper, ranging from $2 to $20.
  • SBCs: More expensive, with prices starting at $35 and going up to several hundred dollars for advanced models.

4. **Ease of Use**

  • Microcontrollers: Easier to program and deploy for beginners. Typically programmed using simpler languages like C++ or MicroPython.
  • SBCs: Require more advanced knowledge to configure and maintain. Often involve working with Linux-based operating systems.

5. **Connectivity**

  • Microcontrollers: Basic connectivity options like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Some require additional modules for internet access.
  • SBCs: More extensive connectivity options, including Ethernet, USB, and HDMI, making them versatile for networked applications.

6. **Use Cases**

  • Microcontrollers: Best for single-purpose IoT devices such as temperature sensors, smart light switches, or wearable tech.
  • SBCs: Suitable for projects requiring higher computational power, such as AI-powered cameras, media streaming devices, or home automation hubs.

When to Choose a Microcontroller

  • When your project has a specific, repetitive task, such as reading sensor data or controlling a motor.
  • If low power consumption is a priority.
  • When you are working on a tight budget.
  • If you are new to programming and electronics.

When to Choose an SBC

  • When your project requires multi-tasking, advanced processing, or machine learning capabilities.
  • If your device needs to run a full operating system.
  • For applications that need high-resolution displays, advanced networking, or USB peripherals.
  • If power consumption is not a major concern.

Bottom Line

Choose a microcontroller for simple, low-cost, low-power projects. Opt for an SBC when you need more processing power, versatility, and connectivity. By understanding the unique strengths and limitations of each, you can ensure your IoT project is built with the right technology for its goals.

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